Management of urinary tract trauma

Presenter: Daniela Murgia DMV MRCVS GPCert (SASTS) DECVS
RCVS and EBVS® European Veterinary Specialist in Small Animal Surgery

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Urinary tract trauma and the relative consequences can be quite challenging even for vets at referral centers. The management of these cases is multidisciplinary and involves people such as criticalists in the ICU who usually triage the patient and stabilize them before and after the diagnostic work up, the anesthetists…

Looking after your aging pet

Presenter: Mathilde Granger, DVM, MRCVS, Dip APhys

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

How often do we hear, or say, “this is just old age, there is nothing to do”? Of course, we cannot reverse the changes brought on by aging, but there are many things, often little, we can suggest, to make a big difference in the quality of life of our…

Urinary incontinence in dogs

Presenter: Daniela Murgia DVM GPCert(SASTS) DipECVS MRCVS
RCVS and EBVS European Veterinary Specialist in Small Animal Surgery
Hon. Assoc. Professor in Small Animal Surgery - University of Nottingham

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Urinary continence is the ability to control voluntary micturition requiring the co-ordination of several different functions. There are many possible causes for urinary incontinence. Despite urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) due to spaying is the most common cause of urinary incontinence in female dogs, a thorough examination should be performed…

Management of the allergic cat

Presenter: Jon Hardy MA VetMB MVM DipECVD MRCVS
RCVS Specialist in Veterinary Dermatology
EBVS® European Specialist in Veterinary Dermatology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Allergic skin disease is a relatively common presenting problem in cats, but it can be difficult and frustrating to manage. Cats are also capable of causing a considerable amount of trauma to their skin from scratching, so it can be distressing for owners. This webinar will review the approach to…

Physiotherapy Case Studies for the First Opinion Practice

Presenter: Suzanne Cottriall
BSc, MSc Vet Physio, MCSP, Cat A ACPAT
Programme Coordinator MSc Vet Physio

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar will address the physiotherapy input options for the small animal first opinion practice. It will outline the types of conditions and relevant physio treatments that can be applied. By working through case studies, you will see how to identify the types of cases that you can refer for…

How to treat cats with lymphoma in 2020

Presenter: Owen Davies
MA VetMB MANZCVS(Small Animal Medicine) MVETMED DipACVIM
American Specialist in Veterinary Oncology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Lymphoma is the most common cancer to afflict our feline friends. Some cases are easy to treat and others seem intractable. Join Owen Davies as he discusses the latest thoughts on feline lymphoma and presents his approach to tackling this challenging disease in 2020

Introduction to Gastrointestinal Surgery

Presenter: Nicola Kulendra
BVetMed CertVDI DipECVS MRCVS
EBVS® European Specialist in Small Animal Surgery

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

How to sort a bleeding mess

Presenter: Kevin Murtagh
MVB, Cert SAM, dip ecvim-ca (internal medicine), mrcvs
RCVS and European Specialist in Internal Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

IMT is one of the most common and potentially devastating bleeding disorders we encounter in our patients. It requires a logical thought process and encompasses both emergency/critical care and internal medicine. Cases generally require a stabilisation period followed by investigations and finally decisions regarding a treatment plan. We must also…

Adrenal surgery

Presenter: Catherine Sturgeon
BVetMed(Hons) CertSAS DipECVS MRCVS
European and RCVS Recognised Specialist in Surgery (Soft Tissue)

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Fascinating yet complex, the adrenal glands produce a number of substances. The adrenal medulla produces catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline and the adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids and sex hormones in small quantities. Adrenal glands can malfunction due to either a centralised pituitary tumour or from a primary adrenal tumour/s, occasionally some…

Decision making in canine mast cell tumours

Presenter: Owen Davies MA VetMB MVetMed MANZCVS(SAM) DACVIM(Oncology) MRCVS
RCVS & American Specialist in Veterinary Oncology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Mast cell tumours (MCTs) represent the full spectrum of tumour aggression from behaviourally-benign, indolent cutaneous masses to rapidly-progressive systemic disease. Predicting prognosis and choosing the correct treatment for canine MCTs is often difficult because most MCTs we see seem to lie in between these two extremes, where tumour behaviour is…

Friendly Felines or Challenging Cats? A practical approach to feline anaesthesia

Presenter: Becky Robinson BVSc MVetMed MRCVS DipECVAA FHEA
RCVS and EBVS® European Specialist in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Even for the simplest of cases, anaesthesia of feline patients is often considered more problematic then for the equivalent canine patient. There are multiple factors which may contribute to this including smaller patient size, greater degree of subclinical co-morbidities (cats are very good at hiding disease!), increased difficulties surrounding airway…

An update on Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Presenter: Amanda Paul BSc(Hons) BVSc(Hons) MVetSt MVIM MANZCVS MRCVS DipECVIM-CA
RCVS and European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine

Category: Emergency Club, Small Animal Practice Club

Diabetic ketoacidosis can cause severe illness and death. Serum hyperosmolarity, osmotic diuresis, and vomiting are common and cause hypovolemia and severe dehydration. Altered mentation from serum hyperosmolarity and oedema, ketosis and increased capillary permeability, acidosis, and electrolyte disturbances can increase the risk for aspiration, nervous tissue injury and seizure activity.…

An Update on Thoracic Radiology - Demystifying the Lungs

Presenter: Petra Agthe CertVDI DipECVDI MRCVS

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Thoracic radiology is challenging because it can be technically difficult to obtain good-quality radiographs of the thorax, as well as superimposition of different structures, a wide range of possible normal variations and because radiographic findings are commonly non-specific. The webinar is providing a practical step-by-step guide for radiological interpretation of…

Administering Chemotherapy in General Practice & Common Pitfalls in Cancer Patient Management

Presenter: Shasta Lynch BVSc(hons) MANZCVS DipECVIM-CA(Oncology) MRCVS
RCVS and European Veterinary Specialist in Oncology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar reviews the practical aspects of administering the chemotherapy drugs that you are most likely to encounter in general practice. We’ll cover conventional chemotherapy, metronomic chemotherapy and tyrosine kinase inhibitors to improve your comfort with these therapies and their safe handling and administration. We’ll discuss potential side effects of…

Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Clinical Approach and New Perspectives

Presenter: Nuala Summerfield, Founder and Director
BSc, BVM&S, MRCVS, DipACVIM (Cardiology), DipECVIM-CA (Cardiology)
RCVS, European and American Recognised Specialist in Veterinary Cardiology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a form of canine acquired heart disease that typically affects large and giant breeds of dog. DCM develops gradually, often over a period of years, before symptoms of congestive heart failure develop. This early, symptom-free stage of the disease, known as the preclinical phase, has recently…

Perianal Surgery

Presenter: Ronan Doyle MVB MRCVS CertSAS DipECVS
RCVS & European Specialist in Small Animal Surgery

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Conditions around the anus occupy much of our time as vets, so this webinar will look in more detail at surgery in this area. But surgery here carries many doubts and fears as it’s a contaminated location which has a key function, and understandably we are worried of the risk…

Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Dog

Presenter: Domingo Casamian-Sorrosal
DVM CertSAM DVC DECVIM-CA MRCVS
RCVS-Recognised Specialist in Veterinary Cardiology
European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

An ectopic beat originating from the ventricles is called a ventricular ectopic beat. Ventricular ectopic complexes (VPCs) are characterised by being wide (more than 70 ms in dogs and more than 40ms in cats) and bizarre, and their T waves are prominent. It is helpful to compare both the QRS…

Diet Matters: Answering questions your clients have about nutrition for dogs and cats

Presenter: Marge Chandler DVM, MS, MANZCVSc, DACVN, DACVIM, DECVIM-CA, MRCVS

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

There is no one right diet for all pets. The basic requirements for a diet are to be complete, balanced and safe. In Europe, nutrient requirement standards are set by FEDIAF. The diet should be appropriate for the pet’s lifestage, activity and body condition. More expensive diets may use more…

Feline Geriatric Behavioural Problems – A case based approach

Presenter: Professor Danièlle A Gunn-Moore, BSc BVM&S PhD FHEA MACVSc MRCVS,
RCVS Specialist in Feline Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

More and more of our elderly cats are living ever-longer lives – which is wonderful. However, along with this, we see them develop ever more age-related problems, some related with the physiology of aging, others with pathological changes. This webinar will use a case-based approach to consider aging in cats,…

When the bile stops flowing, what next?

Presenter: Catherine Sturgeon BVetMed(hons) CertSAS DipECVS MRCVS,
European and RCVS Recognised Specialist in Surgery (Soft Tissue)

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Hidden away in the cranial part of the abdomen, the biliary system is rarely seen and only starts to register on our radar when a patient starts to exhibit signs of biliary stasis / obstruction or peritonitis. We are therefore, unfamiliar with what is anatomically normal, when should we intervene…

Canine Multiple Myeloma in first opinion practice

Presenter: Irina Gramer DrMedVet DipECVIM-CA MRCVS 
European Veterinary Specialist in Small Animal Oncology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar aims to provide essential information about pathology, diagnostic tools and treatments for canine multiple myeloma. Although multiple myeloma is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disease in dogs, it is important to have a general understanding as often these patients are seen as an emergency. Multiple myeloma is a B cell…

How to approach vomiting in dogs and cats

Presenter: Simon Tappin MA VetMB DipECVIM-Ca CertSAM MRCVS
European & RCVS-Recognised Specialist in Small Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine)

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Vomiting is common presenting sign in small animal practice and has a wide variety of potential underlying causes, with quite different aetiologies and treatments. This webinar will focus on the approach to these patients, with presentation, clinical examination and historical clues, that can help us narrow the list of possible…

An Update on Cruciate Surgery

Presenter: Scott Rutherford BVMS Cert SAS DipECVS MRCVS
RCVS Specialist in Small Animal Surgery (Orthopaedics)
European Specialist in Small Animal Surgery

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

With new techniques for treating the lameness associated with cranial cruciate ligament disease coming to the market every few months it can be daunting to know what is best to advise your client when you are presented with what still is the most common form of pelvic limb lameness in…

Hard Graft? How to make skin grafts simple

Presenter: Lynda Rutherford BVM&S MVetMed DipECVS MRCVS
Lecturer in Small Animal Surgery

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar will discuss when to choose a free skin graft and give you the confidence to try one! It will briefly cover open wound management to help achieve a suitable wound bed for a skin graft. We will discuss how to perform a skin graft (a step by step…

Tricks for local wound closure

Presenter: Ronan Doyle MVB MRCVS CertSAS DipECVS
RCVS & European Veterinary Specialist in Small Animal Surgery      

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

We all can face challenging skin wounds in practice whether that’s with a wound that we may have created on tumour removal, or with a traumatic wound that the patient has presented with. Either way closure can bring challenges, but especially so if there is a large defect or significant…

Rehab Physiotherapy for the Orthopaedic Patient

Presenter: Suzanne Cottriall BA, BSc, MSc Vet Physio
Member of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (MCSP)
Category A Association of Chartered Physiotherapists in Animal Therapy (ACPAT)  

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar identifies the needs of the animal patient in relation to physiotherapy for orthopaedic conditions. The webinar outlines what an Animal and Chartered Physiotherapist is regarding qualifications but more importantly it outlines the treatment techniques used by Animal Physiotherapists, namely manual therapy, electrotherapy, hydrotherapy and rehabilitation. Physiotherapy can be…

Ureteral Disease in Dogs and Cats: Where Are We Now?

Presenter: Daniela Murgia DipECVS MRCVS DVM
European Veterinary Specialist in Small Animal Surgery
RCVS Recognized Specialist in Small Animal Surgery (Soft Tissue)

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Ureteral diseases in dogs and cats include mainly obstructions and congenital malformations such as ureteral ectopia. Ectopic ureters (EU) are the most common cause of urinary incontinence in juvenile female dogs and are often associated with UTI (urinary tract infections), urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence (USMI) , and renal dysplasia. Ureteral…

Anaesthesia for the Patient with Cardiac Disease

Presenter: Carl Bradbrook BVSc CertVA DipECVAA MRCVS
European Specialist in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar will focus on the approach to patients with specific types of cardiac disease. Use of pre-anaesthetic assessment and patient stabilisation will be discussed to highlight the importance of a specific diagnosis prior to anaesthesia. A number of different cardiac diseases will be discussed, assessing their pathophysiology and how…

Lens Disease in Dogs

Presenter: Claudia Busse Dr. med. vet., CertVOphthal, DipECVO
European Specialist in Veterinary Ophthalmology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar focuses on lens diseases in dogs and helps the small animal practitioner to diagnose and manage the most common conditions affecting this part of the eye.The crystalline lens is a transparent structure located behind the iris and allows the eye to focus. Its transparency and correct location are…

Immune-Mediated Thrombocytopenia - What is Best Practice?

Presenter: Dr Kit Sturgess MA VetMB PhD CertVR DSAM CertVC MRCVS
RCVS Specialist in Internal Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Immune mediated thrombocytopenia (ITP) is a relatively common disease in dogs but much rarer in cats. When cases present bleeding the pressure is on the clinician to make a diagnosis and start effective treatment as there is a risk that the patient will bleed out. Differentiating primary from secondary ITP…

Wet, Dry or Drowned? A Practical Guide to Fluid Therapy

Presenter: Alessandra Mathis DVM CertVA DipECVAA MRCVS
European Specialist in Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Intravenous fluid therapy is an important aspect of every day’s veterinary care. Unfortunately, too often, fluid therapy is prescribed without really understanding its risks and benefits. After a brief introduction to the physiology of body fluids and the different routes of administration, the most common fluids will be discussed. Is…

The Secrets of Successful Film Reading

Presenter: Pete Mantis DipECVDI FHEA MRCVS
European & RCVS Recognized Specialist Diagnostic Imaging

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Have you ever been caught looking at a radiograph and not knowing what to see or how to go about finding the abnormalities? This webinar will introduce you to a way of reading radiographs that a novice can immediately put into practice and gain the benefits. You will be able…

An Update on Lungworm

Presenter: Jenny R Helm BVMS Cert SAM Dip-ECVIM CA MRCVS FHEA
European Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine
Clinician in Veterinary Oncology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar will update delegates about canine lungworm in the United Kingdom. We will start with considerations regarding the species of lungworm that practitioners may encounter and review their clinical presentations. We will then focus on the life threatening parasite Angiostrongylus vasorum looking at what we know about the parasites…

Endoscopy in General Practice

Presenter: Paul Higgs MA VetMB CertSAM DipECVIM-CA MRCVS
European Veterinary Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

As endoscopes become cheaper and more readily available in general practice many veterinary surgeons have access to this equipment and yet feel unable to use it. This webinar will discuss the use of endoscopy including choosing your endoscope, understanding the main controls of the scope, nagivation of the gastrointestinal tract…

Oesophageal Foreign Bodies

Presenter: Catherine Sturgeon BVetMed(hons) CertSAS DipECVS MRCVS
European and RCVS Recognised Specialist in Surgery (Soft Tissue)

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Oesophageal foreign bodies can be one of the most satisfying clinical presentations to resolve and generally carries a good prognosis – that is providing the diagnosis is prompt and the necessary equipment is to hand to remove the foreign body effectively and safely. This webinar will focus on the practical…

Management of Emergency Pleural Space Disease: Pyothorax and Pneumothorax

Presenter: Dr. Daniela Murgia DipECVS, MRCVS
European Veterinary Specialist in Small Animal Surgery
RCVS Recognized Specialist in Small Animal Surgery (Soft Tissue)

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

The degree of respiratory distress in animals affected by pleural space diseases depends on the severity and duration of the condition. Larger volumes of air or pleural effusion and acute presentation result in greater respiratory distress. Procedures allowing drainage of the thoracic cavity include thoracocentesis, placement of a thoracostomy tube,…

Hypothyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment

Presenter: Simon Tappin MA VetMB DipECVIM-Ca CertSAM MRCVS
European & RCVS-Recognised Specialist in Small Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine)

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Hypothyroidism is the most common canine endocrinopathy (population prevalence 0.2-0.8%), but can be challenging to diagnose. It is important to use a combination of clinical assessment, such as signalment, presenting signs and clinical examination findings, as well as routine and then specific endocrine tests in order to make a definitive…

The Bleeding Abdomen: A Surgical Perspective

Presenter: Davinia Arnott BVMS CertSAS DipECVS
European Specialist in Small Animal Surgery

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

How do we deal with the emergency situation of a haemoabdomen? We will cover the initial stabilisation of the patient. We shall give practical surgical tips on when to cut and when not to! The lecture will include not only how to deal with splenic haemorrhage but also what happens…

Patellar Luxation

Presenter: Andy Torrington BVMS CertSAO MRCVS
Torrington Orthopaedics

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

In this webinar we will be exploring the causes and pathologies associated with Patellar Luxation. It is a commonly held (and mistaken) belief that this is a problem that has an uncomplicated outcome following surgery. We will explore the reasons why certain forms of surgical intervention may be more likely…

Canine Mast Cell Tumours

Presenter: James Elliott BVM&S CertSAM DipECVIM-CA (Oncology) MRCVS
European & RCVS Specialist in Veterinary Oncology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Mast Cell Tumours (MCTs) are one of the most common cancers dealt with by veterinary practitioners in the UK. They are round cell tumours and usually occur on the skin; though subcutaneous, mucosal and visceral forms are also seen occasionally. Most are cured by adequate surgical excision but on some…

A Clinical Approach to Canine Pododermatitis

Presenter: Peter Forsythe BVM&S DVD MRCVS
RCVS Specialist in Veterinary Dermatology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Canine pododermatitis is a common clinical presentation in small animal practice. It usually presents as either paw licking or lameness with variable additional, non-specific clinical signs. A wide range of conditions can result in pododermatitis. Disease may be confined to the paws, it may be part of a generalised skin…

Arrhythmias and Anti-Arrhythmic Drug Therapy

Presenter: Kit Sturgess MA VetMB PhD CertVR DSAM CertVC MRCVS
RCVS Specialist in Internal Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Arrhythmias are more common in small animal practice than is often appreciated probably due to the under use of ECGs. Appropriate anti-arrhythmic therapy can be life saving in some cases and significantly improve the quality of life in others. They can be indicators of non-cardiac disease leading to more rapid…

Wound Management

Presenter: Aidan McAlinden MVB CertSAS DipECVS MRCVS
European Specialist In Small Animal Surgery

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Wounds are something we are faced with on a daily basis in practice. They can be hugely rewarding to treat when they go well but all too often we are presented with difficult wounds that can present additional challenges and significant complications. This results in frustration to us the veterinarians,…

Dealing with Nightmare Epileptic Dogs and Cats

Presenter: Dr Laurent Garosi DVM Dip ECVN MRCVS
RCVS & European Specialist in Veterinary Neurology
Head of Neurology/Neurosurgery- Davies Veterinary Specialists

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Seizures are aetiologically categorised as idiopathic, symptomatic or reactive. Idiopathic epilepsy is the most common cause in dogs and cats. The main aims of antiepileptic treatment are to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures while minimising potential side effects and optimising the owner’s and dog’s quality of life. Most…

Recognising, Quantifying and Managing Chronic Pain in Cats

Presenter: Dr. Jo Murrell, BVSc. (hons), PhD, Dipl ECVAA, MRCVS

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Chronic pain likely has a significant impact on an animal’s well-being and quality of life and therefore requires effective management to ensure the welfare of the patient. Until very recently chronic pain in cats has been a neglected problem, with limited information available about how to recognise signs of chronic…

Approach to the Problem Diabetic

Presenter: Eleanor Raffan BVM&S CertSAM DipECVIM-CA PhD MRCVS
European Specialist in Small Animal Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Why do some diabetics stabilise soon after diagnosis and others cause problems for years? In this practical webinar Eleanor will address the common reasons for why diabetic animals may not stabilise on treatment and offer you practical tips on how to investigate those cases and improve their treatment.

Practice Makes Perfect – Cardiac Radiology Interpretation

Presenter: Nuala Summerfield BSc BVM&S DipACVIM(Cardiology) DipECVIM-CA (Cardiology) MRCVS
RCVS Recognised Specialist in Veterinary Cardiology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Thoracic radiography is a frequently used diagnostic tool in veterinary practice. However interpretation of thoracic radiographs in patients with suspected cardiovascular disease can often be challenging. The aim of this webinar is to increase the delegates' ability and confidence in assessing heart size, specific cardiac chamber enlargement, pulmonary vascularity and…

Cardiac Drugs - What to Use and When?

Presenter: Dr Kit Sturgess MA VetMB PhD CertVR DASM CertVC MRCVS
RCVS Recognised Specialist in Small Animal Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Whilst a reasonable number of licensed preparations are available for the treatment of heart failure in dogs; there are only 2 licensed products (furosemide and diltiazem) available for cats with heart disease. As a result the clinician is frequently faced with cases where they have exhausted licensed preparation of there…

Syringomyelia

Presenter: Dr Clare Rusbridge BVMS PhD DipECVN MRCVS
RCVS and European Specialist in Veterinary Neurology

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

Syringomyelia is a condition characterised by fluid filled cavities (syrinxes or syringes) within the central spinal cord and the resulting damage produces clinical signs of pain and neurological deficits. Since the increase in availability of magnetic resonance imaging syringomyelia is an increasingly common diagnosis in veterinary medicine. The most common…

Understanding Emotions and Their Role In Behavioural Medicine

Presenter: Sarah Heath BVSc DipECAWBM (BM) CCAB MRCVS
European Veterinary Specialist in Behavioural Medicine

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

When faced with a behavioural problem the most important thing to establish is the underlying cause. Whilst the questions of “what” the animal is doing, “when” it does it and “with whom” are essential in the history taking process, it is the answer to the question “why” the animal behaves…

Pain and Prevention in Dentistry and Oral Surgery

Presenter: Mr Alex J Smithson BVM&S MRCVS
Veterinary Dental, Oral & Maxillofacial Referrals, North West England

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar presents essential, practical advice to guide your approach and techniques to identify, prevent and reduce pain in dental and oral cases. Topics covered include: Anticipating pain - dental and oral surgery cases Multi-modal analgesia Local nerve blocks Local infiltration Complications of local analgesia Surgical techniques

Feeding Tubes- NO, O, PEG, G or J?

Presenter: David Walker BVetMed(Hons) DipACVIM MRCVS
RCVS Recognised Specialist in Small Animal Internal Medicine
Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists

Category: Small Animal Practice Club

This webinar will cover the indications for feeding tube placement and help you decide what tube to use in which situation. The placement and management of naso-oesophageal, oesophageal, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, gastrostomy and jejunostomy tubes will be reviewed in detail. Possible contraindications to tube placement and complications associated with tube…